Tips for teaching one's first course?

In our newest "how can we help you?" thread, a reader asks:

Any advice for a PhD student teaching his first course? What to do, what not to do, things you wish you had known, etc. It's a 200-level course in metaphysics.

Great question! Another reader responded:

Play to your strengths. Do not try to learn a pile of new things the first time. If you know a lot about philosophy of time, or the mind/body problem, focus on those at the cost of other topics. You need to make things easy for yourself. Be humane to your students, and do not try to be the superdo bestest ever teacher. Aim to be an effective teacher. Design assignments that do not over burden you. Think of ways that get the students learning.

Here's what I'd add:

1. Focus less on deluging students with information and more on getting in-class discussions going (for example, plan questions for the class in your lecture). This will make your job easier (viz. less time prepping lectures), and it will improve student interest and general comprehension.
2. Don't assign too much reading, especially in a lower-level class. Again, less can be more.
3. Find some easy, non-punitive, and easy-to-grade way to incentivize students to read before class. Otherwise, they just won't read. I've found quizzes don't work well at all: students find them too punitive and it turns them off. Instead, have them write a required discussion board post, or 4-5 sentence reading response, or record a 1 minute video response, where the assignment requires them to pick out and critically engage with some claim in the reading.
4. Consider doing an informal feedback 'course evaluation' of sorts (with just a few questions drawn up by you) after a month or month-and-a-half to find out what your students think works well and what doesn't. I did this early in my career and students not only liked the opportunity to provide feedback: it helped me adjust my teaching. Make sure to remind them that you're doing it to help make a great class, and for them to be constructive in their comments so that you don't get meanspirited feedback.
5. Be prepared to change things 'on the fly.' The first time you teach a course (or indeed, the first time I try new things even today!), some things may not work. Unless you are bound by your course syllabus or university policies to stay the course, if something is not working, try something different. On that note, if your university allows you to place disclaimers on your syllabus stating 'This syllabus is not an express or implied contract, and is subject to change' (mine does), do it. Last semester, I had a syllabus policy that just wasn't working--students knew it, and I knew it--and I changed it and everyone was happy. If you do make changes, though, make ones that benefit everyone: don't make ones that 'screw your students over' in some way. Obviously, they won't appreciate the latter.
6. Tell your students in your course syllabus, and in class, why you do what you do. If you are a difficult grader, tell them why (e.g. "it's to challenge, not punish, you!"). If you require class participation, again tell them why (e.g. "Even if you don't like to talk in class, developing the ability to construct and evaluate philosophical arguments takes practice. Further, the class will be more interesting and you'll learn more the more that students like you share and debate diverse perspectives on the material").
7. Have a good grade appeal policy in your syllabus, as in my experience some of the most difficult situations for an early-career instructor can involve aggressive students in your office who are unhappy with their grades and see themselves as entitled to challenge your expertise because you look young and inexperienced. Personally, I have a policy of 'not debating grades' in office hours or at the end of the semester. My syllabus policy is that if a student wants to challenge an assignment grade, they need to write up and submit an explanation of what they think was graded incorrectly and why within one week of receiving the assignment back. My written response to the appeal is then to be considered final, and if the student wants to appeal their course grade after the end of the semester, there's a university policy for that. I've found this policy works like a charm.

Anyway, these are just a few things that occurred to me--and obviously, they're just my suggestions and may not work well for everyone. What do you all think? What tips would you offer to a grad student teaching their first class?

 

Comments

[rutabagas]

This is sort of repeating Marcus's #2, but anyway: I (and almost everyone I know) made my first class way too difficult--readings that were too long and too difficult, overly demanding assignments, not enough repetition. I think we just get used to what grad students are capable of and have a harder time remembering what we were expected to do as undergraduates (at least, that's what happened to me). I would encourage you to make the class as easy as you can. If you have a professor you can run your ideas by, that helps too, since they've been teaching longer, but other grad students might have the same high expectations for undergrad teaching.

[James Lee]

Use backwards course design to think carefully about the elements contained in your syllabus, including readings, assessments, and course schedule. These elements of your syllabus must be pedagogically justified and not simply there because that's how everyone else in your department does it. What is typical is that many course instructors give plenty of thought to the material that they want to cover but almost zero thought to the assessments that they use in the course. The link below gives a suitable summary of backwards course design.

https://citl.indiana.edu/teaching-resources/course-design/backward-course-design/index.html

[Tammo]

One really good piece of advice I've gotten: make sure that each and every students actively talks about philosophy in the very first meeting. The first meeting sets the expectations for what classes are going to be like -- whether students are going to listen to a lecture, or whether this is a class that is about them talking. It's difficult to turn that around later in the semester, and just saying that you expect them to talk won't help either. After getting that advice I have taken up the habit of giving them a 5 minute discussion question to debate with their neighbor (where they are assigned a position to argue for or against) at the beginning of the first class, and I think this has really transformed the way students approach class time.

A more generic piece of advice: check whether your university has any staff that is supposed to support teaching. Some universities have people that are specifically there to help with course design, and they might be willing to give you feedback on your syllabus etc.

[Mark Herman]

Your job is to *provide* a good class, not *invent* a good class. Borrow very liberally from other teachers.

[Tim]

I'd underscore one piece of advice: communicate with your students why you are doing what you are doing. (Why are you reading this reading; assigning homework in this way; using this method of assessment; whatever.) In my experience, communicating with your students encourages students to think of the class as a collaborative activity. It also discourages them from thinking about you as their employee who requires random things (a weird narrative you can sometimes get).

O, and have fun!

[Mike Titelbaum]

Don't set unrealistic expectations for yourself. The first time I teach any course it's a mess. The second time I teach it, I work on fixing all the things I did wrong the first time. Only on the third time I teach a course does it begin to look anything like what I'd want.
Which is to say that if it's not going well on the first time through, cut yourself some slack!

[TT]

A bit of advice i got early in and had worked well for me: err on the side of stricter policies (for late assignments, etc.) then be lenient in applying them. The policy can be an important fallback in tricky situations especially when you’re new to teaching, but when a student is in a tough situation (and I’d say don’t police their excuses, just give them the benefit of the doubt, at least for starters) they will appreciate your leniency. A line that has helped me when a policy needs to be enforced: “out of fairness to other students, [I can’t waive the attendance requirement, or whatever]…”

[B]

My two cents:

Every teacher has his or her own unique way of running a class. You'll find yours. You'll adopt lots of different things from lots of different teachers you have had in the past, many of whom were very good teachers, though all in different ways. You'll put your own imprint on these things you adopt, making them yours. You'll be nervous at first, and there will be difficulties (e.g., grade complaints, bad class days here and there where getting the discussion going is like pulling teeth, and some negative comments on course evaluations from students or even some negative comments from professors in your grad program who observe your teaching). Just keep going, even when it's rough, and you'll be fine. If you're a PhD student in philosophy, you are more than capable of becoming a good teacher in philosophy. It just takes time and not giving up. Just keep teaching and keep tweaking things until you find an equilibrium that you are comfortable with and that seems to work well in terms of (a) keeping discussions going in class and (b) getting students to learn how to write better and argue better (both in writing and in speech).

I know lots of people will disagree with me on this issue, but I would steer clear of reading about new pedagogy stuff. It's not that stuff written in this area is false. It's that it can be distracting if you are trying to settle into a good equilibrium as a teacher. You already know what it is to be a good teacher because you've been a student learning from so many good teachers for a long time. Thinking about those teachers -- and how to adapt what they did well to your own personality and style -- should be your guide. Reading about new pedagogy ideas should not be your guide (again, it can be distracting).

Last point: If nerves hit you hard at the start, just keep going. It will be awkward, but if you keep going, the nerves will get better. I can remember seeing twenty sets of eyes staring back at me the first time I ever led a discussion section as a TA, and I couldn't handle it. My hands started visibly shaking, and my mind was racing (and not in a good way). But just go through it, and it will get better over time.

And good luck!

[Daniel Weltman]

I hate to give sort of contradictory advice that adds more to one's plate, because teaching for the first time is already enough work (and because, as you'll see below, my advice is kind of empty), but I would sort of disagree with B saying you can safely ignore "new pedagogy stuff" because you've learned from good teachers for a while. This is probably true for some people but certainly false for others. You're in a PhD program. As an undergraduate you were likely far beyond where most (if not all) of your undergraduates will be. You cared more about philosophy than they will, you devoted more time to studying it than they will, you understood it faster than they well, etc. This means that what your professors did that worked for you may not be what will work for your students.

The benefit of the "new pedagogy stuff" is that it's focused on what will work for your students, rather than what will work for the sort of person who ends up getting a PhD in philosophy (a description which fits very few of your students, if any). That's not to say you need to read 40 articles or anything. In fact I got almost none of my knowledge of the new pedagogy stuff from articles, at least at first - it came from 1) TAing for a course taught by a fellow (more advanced) graduate student (Marta Halina!) who had learned about the new pedagogy stuff, and 2) enrolling in a semester long seminar at my university which taught us the new pedagogy stuff (the same course Marta had taken).

You can't do those two things, and it's hard to say more about what sorts of new pedagogy resources to check out without knowing where you are as a teacher, what the class is going to be like, what the students will be like, etc. So this is why my comment here is sort of unhelpful. But as someone whose teaching is (I suspect) leaps and bounds better than it otherwise would be due largely to the new pedagogy stuff, I would definitely dip your toe into it, even though this is just your first class. The sooner you start practicing with techniques like peer learning, the better you'll get at it, and the students in your class will certainly benefit from it.

[G]

I think all suggestions above are helpful, but it might be difficult to put all of them into practice as a first-time instructor. What I found helpful was to find a model class/instructor and to imitate the course design and their teaching style. You probably do not want to directly copy the whole class, but you can always use "what is already there" as a start.

When I taught my first class, I went to a professor whose teaching I really admired. I asked for suggestions, and the professor was super helpful. I found what worked and what did not later and slowly developed my own teaching style.

[Bill Vanderburgh]

This is reiterating some of the advice already given, but perhaps with a slightly different spin.

The major mistake I made when I taught my first course was that I over-prepared. I spent 6 hours in prep for every hour of lecture. Then I had these "golden" notes that I felt I had to deliver all of to my students. It was bad for all of us. So: Do less. If your contract says you work ten hours per week on your course (prep, delivery, grading), do that and no more. Good enough is good enough.

A useful way to promote engagement is to outline a philosophical problem (from the reading), pose a question, then do a think-pair-share activity. There are several advantages to this. The "think" phase (where students spend five minutes writing their answer) gives students an opportunity to practice thinking and writing. The "pair" phase gives them five or ten minutes to discuss with a neighbor, thereby practicing talking philosophy while refining their ideas and getting new perspectives. Both together help students who prefer more time to think or are a bit reluctant to speak up, since now they have had time to prepare an answer and test it in a low-stakes situation. The result is that during the "share" phase when you facilitate the group debriefing, you get a lot more participation, and a lot higher quality participation. It also reduces the problem of the loudest/quickest hand from dominating the conversation and letting the rest of the class think they don't need to do anything since "that guy" (yes, it is almost always a guy) will fill the airtime. And, a bonus: that's 20 minutes of class time you don't need to have material for.

[Evan]

If you’re teaching essay writing, it would be helpful to have an example of an excellent article to use. Something that is also not too long either for time’s sake. Then proceed to “dissect” the article using a second-order analysis of the structure of the argument and paper.

When I first read a philosophy article, it was extremely difficult for me to pinpoint the author’s argument. I didn’t know that the first part of the article was devoted to summarizing or providing background information. I mistakenly took *that* as the author’s actual argument.

Contrary to popular belief, many philosophers aren’t very good at organizing their papers and making their intentions straightforward. In the social and natural sciences they have something called “Literature Review” and “Discussion” section. It tells the reader what to expect. Even in some law articles, they at least have something called “Setting the Scene” or “The Scope of the Problem” section. A lot of philosophers are very bad at bracketing their thoughts in their articles. This can be difficult for first time students.

[rutabagas]

I totally agree with Daniel. One book I would recommend: Small Teaching, by James Lang. The tips are "small"--they don't require overhauling a whole course, and some of them would be pretty easy to implement midsemester if things aren't working--but they're a good way to compromise between keeping your workload minimal and integrating some "new pedagogy stuff."